Surma: Using Ecological Assessments to Set Meaningful Goals for ABA ...

When professionals develop ABA intervention programs for students with ASD and other disabilities, they use many different approaches when selecting goals.? Some use criterion-referenced assessment tools such as the Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills- Revised (The ABLLS-R) or The Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP) to set intervention goals.? Others use informal assessment procedures such as interviews with students, caregivers, and teachers, checklists, and informal observations to set goals for ABA interventions.? What professionals do not typically use nearly enough are ecological assessments to set goals for ABA interventions.

An ecological assessment begins with examining the skills needed for an individual to be successful in a specific environment (i.e. reading group in the general education classroom, school cafeteria, playground at recess, dinner table at home, restaurant, library, movie theater, workplace). ?Professionals use task analysis by listing all of the skills required for the selected environment, observing the student in the environment, and documenting which skills the student demonstrates and which skills the student does not.? Then goals are set based on the skills the student needs to be successful in the environment but does not currently display.? Of course, goals need to be developmentally appropriate.? Consider this situation: one of the skills on the task analysis for eating at a restaurant indicates that the student verbally tells the waitress what meal he would like. However, the student is non-verbal. Thus, the goal would need to be something such as pointing to a picture or description of the desired meal on a menu when the waitress asks what he would like.

Ecological assessments can be conducted to assess students? independence and present levels of participation so that meaningful goals can be set to teach the necessary communication, social, behavioral, cognitive skills, or daily living skills the student needs to maximize performance.? Below is an example of an ecological assessment of a student?s participation in small group reading with suggested goals that can be targeted for ABA interventions:

Skills?Needed	Student?Performance	Goal
Sit?at the table	The?student sat at the table appropriately.	N/A
Look?at the teacher when the teacher is providing instruction	The?student did not look at the teacher while the teacher was providing ? instruction. However, this is not necessarily an indication that the student?is not listening.	No?goal at this time because the student may be listening to the teacher even?though she is not looking at the teacher.
Read?along silently when someone is reading	The?student did not look at the words in the book while someone was reading.	The?student will move her finger along the words while someone is reading.
Read?when called on	The?student is non-verbal so she cannot read aloud.	The?student will hit a switch to ?read? a pre-recorded section aloud when called?on.
Answer comprehension questions	The?student did not answer any questions.??Since she is non-verbal, she did not have a means to communicate whether or not she comprehended the story.	The?student will respond to literal comprehension questions by pointing to?pictures given a field of four.
Make?Predictions	The?student did not make any predictions	Provide?the student with a communication board that has a symbol for ?I have an ? idea.?? This can be the words and/or a ? light bulb.? The student will hold up ? the symbol when she wants to make a prediction.? To make a prediction, she can use gestures,?choose from a set of pictures, or she can use an AAC device.

In the example above, the teacher can design ABA interventions for all of the goals listed or target them one at a time until the student is able to participate in reading group independently.? As you can see, using the ecological assessment approach allows professionals to set goals that have immediate relevance to the students and those they interact with across different environments.? Although specific social, communication, cognitive, daily living skills, and/or positive behaviors are addressed when writing goals, they are selected based on what the student needs to learn to increase independence and active participation in the environments in which they engage.

For more information about bringing ABA into inclusive classrooms and to access a database of over 100 ABA lesson plans please visit www.bringingaba.com.

About the Author:

Deb Leach is an Assistant Professor of Special Education at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, SC. Her passion is working with families, educators, and community groups to help support the successful inclusion of individuals with ASD using principles of ABA and other evidence-based practices. Her focus is on finding ways to bring ABA interventions into the everyday lives of individuals with ASD to increase family, community, and school inclusion and reduce the need for segregated services. She provides training and consultation for educators, schools, school districts, caregivers, and community groups related to supporting individuals with ASD. She can be contacted at leachd33@gmail.com?for more information.

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